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In order to study the effect of aging acceleration test on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat cultivars an experiment was done based on a randomized complete block design with 3 repetitions in 2 media (aging and normal)using combined analysis of variance during 2008-2009 in laboratory of seed control and certification department in Agricultural Research Center,Safiabad ,Dezful.Factors were best selected wheat cultivars (chamran, veerynak, dez, kavir, chenab, zagrous, star, behrang, dena and karkhe). All cultivars incubated in incubator (temperature, 45°C humidity, 100%) for 72 hours to quicken aging. Dena, karkhe and behrang belonged to durum species and the other ones were subspecies of bread wheat. Results showed that there were significant effect of cultivar ,medium and as well as interaction of them on germination percentage and germination rate at 1% probability ,the other traits were significant at 1% and 5% probability.Among cultivars.zagrous revealed the highest germination percentage (92%) and star cultivar showed the highest germination rate with 75%,and these results, are because of vigor and high quality of these cultivars in aging medium.There were not signicant differences between chamran, veerynak and star cultivares in germination percentage when grown in normal medium. Finally results indicated that there were a positive significant correlation between germination percentage and seed yield at 1% probability.

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This research has been conducted to evaluate the allelepathic effect of herbal plant Hemp hydro alcoholic extract(Cannabis sativa L.) was conducted on seed germination and weeds growth of oat (Avena fatua L.), fat hen (Chenopodium album L.) and pig weed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) in laboratory and greenhouse ,using completely randomized design at three replications. The experiment treatments were extract of aerial organ of hemp in 6 concentration 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5% and distilled water (control). Different concentration of Hemp extract creates meaningful decreasing in germination percentage and radical and plumule lengths of weeds seeds in laboratory.Also the results showed different concentration of extract creates meaningful decreasing significantly in fresh and dry weight and height of plant in greenhouse.5% extract concentration causes decreasing shoot dry weight of Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus and Avena fatua until 0.73, 0.11 and 0.75 gr. Generally, increasing in Hemp extract concentration, decreased generation,dry weight and plant height of weeds in this study.

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In order to investigate germination parameters, two separated experiments were done as a factorial form with completely randomized design including heat experiment (factors were planting date and cultivars) and drought experiment (factors were levels of stress and cultivars) with three replications. Germination parameters experiments maternity seeds including germination percentage, seedling, plumule rootlet length, seedling, plumule and rootlet dry matter weight, alometric index and seed vigor. Results showed that drought and heat stress has reduced seed weight at %5 probability level and has led to produce wrinkled and low weight seeds. Average germination percentage due to drought and heat stress were reduced 23% and 48%, respectively. Length and dry matter seedling which is a scale of mother seed vigor significantly reduced by drought and heat stress effect. Seedling length of the seeds which were obtained of planting date November11 compared to planting date Januray10 was reduced from 14.2 to 5.9 centimeter that equaled 59%. Drought stress reduced maternity seeds vigor form 14.1 to 9.01 that equaled 36% and heat stress reduced maternity seeds vigor form 13.45 to2.75 that equaled 80% and it showed that seed vigor decreased more due to by heat stress. Heat and drought stress because of reducing maternity matter storage in seed by lowering seed weight led to reduced plumule and rootlet growth, and finally quality of produced seeds. Hence, with management these two stress we can improve the quality and production of rapeseed and yield.

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In order to investigate the effect of seed aging and plant density on yield and yield components of wheat (CV. Chamran), an experiment was conducted in 2010-2011 cropping year in Agricultural Research Center of Safi-Abad (Dezful).The experiment was factorial with randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consisting of seed aging in five levels (control, 48 , 72 , 96 and 110 hr) and plant density (300 , 350 , 400 and 450 plant m2).The results showed that seed aging decreased field indices as grain number per spike, spike density, harvest index, biological and grain yield. The mean comparison of aging simple effect showed that the highest (4179 kg ha-1) and the lowest (3166 kg ha-1) grain yield belonged to control treatment and treatment with 110 hr seed aging, respectively. The effect of plant density on the traits such as spike density, 1000-grain weight, biological yield and harvest index was significant, too. In addition, the correlation between grain yield and biological yield, harvest index, spike density and 1000-grain weight was positive. In this study, observed that temperature and seed aging duration are the most important factors that influence the occurrence and progression of seed aging. Hence, the development of seed aging with increasing temperature and its implementation duration is predictable.

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This research was conducted in order to investigate the effective factors on germination, growth and seedling establishment of maize seedling hybrid SC704 cultivar under salinity and drought tension conditions and determine the best priming treatment in tension conditions at Safi-Abad Agriculture Research Center of Dezful in summer 2010. This research was performed as a factorial experiment basis on completely randomized design with three replications in two parts lab and pot. The first factor including three levels of priming (control, potassium nitrite and distilled water), the second factor including two levels of osmotic solutions (NACL and PEG) and the third factor including five levels of osmotic potentials (0,-0/3, -0/6,-0/9 and -1/2 MPa). In this research some related indices to seed germination such as germination percentage, length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot and mean required time for germination were measured. Results indicated germination delay in both solutions of NACL and PEG. Priming treatment and tension conditions affected germination percentage and other germination indices as well, and had significant difference. In lab conditions, seeds were germinated at all concentrations of NACL solution, but no germination was observed at -1/2 MGa caused by PEG treatment. Seed priming increased germination and seedlings growth under salinity and drought tensions. According to the observed results, in lab conditions, halopriming treatment and in greenhouse hydropriming treatment, were the best and the most effective treatments.

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In order to evaluate the effect of salinity on some traits in different cultivars of barley at different growth stages, this experiment was conducted in vitro and field culture environment in Sadough research farm, dependent to Salinity Research National Center in cropping year 2012-2013. The germination of Afzal, Nosrat, Reihan, 4shoori and Rodasht cultivars in response to different levels of salinity 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 dS.m-1 and distilled water as control was studied in vitro culture as factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the greatest germination reduction was at salinity level of 20 dS.m-1. Also, among the tested cultivars, cultivars of Afzaland and 4Shoori with 58.6 percentage and 58.53 percentage presented the percent of germination comparing to the other cultivars, respectively. Experiment in the culture of field was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. Different salinity were applied at main plots and five under-investigating cultivars in subplots at three levels including the amounts of 4, 8 and 14 dS.m-1. Effect of salinity treatment on all understudying traits (except spike length) was significant at one percentage probability level and five percentage probability level on spike length. Although most of the traits decreased due to salinity tension, but applying salinity increased sodium and potassium of grain. Grain yield decreased and the cultivars showed significant difference, by increasing salinity tension. The salinity interaction in cultivar showed the lowest yield in 14 dS.m-1 salinity Nosrat, Reihan, 4shoori and Rodasht cultivars and Afzal cultivar was superior in the salinity than other cultivars.

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Environmental tensions cause increasing in active and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in plants. Antioxidants materials such as querceitin and ascorbate have suitable chemical structure for free radicals deletion and increase plants resistant to tension. Oat (Avena sativa L.) have several medicinal and nutritive characteristics that can planted in saline soils by improving plant protective system against oxidative tension. The present study investigated the effect of exogenous quercetin and ascorbate separately and together on germination and antioxidant enzymes activity of Avena seedlings herb in mild and severs salinity tensions. Oat grains (promising cultivar) based on completely randomized design were treated to ascorbate in 0, 300 and 500 micro-mol, ascorbate 2 Mg -mol and NaCl in amounts of zero, 250 and 450 Mg-mol concentrations in Petri dish envirnoment. Germination percentage and antioxidant enzymes activity was evaluated in seedling. Adding quercetin and ascorbate increased germination percentage in comparison with salt in 450 Mg-mol. Adding quercitin and ascorbate the environment includes saline especially in 450 Mg-mol concentration increased peroxidase activity and decreased catalos enzyme activity. But had not significant changes in ascorbate peroxidase enzymes activity. Application of quercetin and ascorbate alone and together stimulate seed germination in high amount of salt (450 Mg-mol) that probably this reaction was due to increasing of peroxidase enzyme activity and deletion all kinds of active oxygen in Avena seedling.

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In order to investigate the effect of terminal drought tension on seed yield and seed vigor of five soybean cultivars this factorial experiment with complete randomized blocks design in four replications was conducted in Dezful Safiabad region in 2011. The factors consisted of drought tension (50, 00 and 150 mm evaporation from evaporation pan) and five soybean cultivars. The results showed that in severe drought tension conditions, stress tolerance index Williams, Charelstone, Sahar, Hamilton and Safiabad cultivars was 0.70, 0.59, 0.42 0.32 and 0.35, respectively. Drought tension caused decreasing in grain yield and under severe drought tension conditions, the maximum soybean seed yield was observed in Willuliams cultivars to the amount of 112/2 gram per meter square the lowest amount of grain yield in Hamilton and Safiabad cultivars by the amounts of 83.8 and 82.1 gram per meter square. Under severe drought tension conditions, maximum leaf area, photosynthesis and chlorophyll concentration was observed in Williams and Charleston cultivars. Results indicated post flowering drought tension decreased seedling vigor, seed germination percentage and seedling growth of soybean cultivars. Under severe drought conditions, the highest seedling vigor was observed in Williams and Charleston cultivars by the amounts of 5/7 and 4/2, respectively. Results showed Williams and Charleston cultivars were tolerated drought tension conditions better than other cultivars.

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In order to investigate lines canola germination indices under drought tension conditions this experiment as factorial in a completely randomized design with four replications was conducted in 2013. Promising lines in twelve levels BAL1, BAL2, BAL3, BAL6, BAL8, BAL9, BAL11, BAL15, L72, L109, R15 and Okapi and drought tension in three levels zero, -4 and -8 bar with a solution of PEG 6000 as first and second factors were considered. The maximum percentage of germination was related to line L109 and non-tension conditions by 99 percentage, also line L109 in drought tension -4 had germination and daily germination rate higher than standard, as well seed vigor index decreased significantly with increasing severity of drought tension. Results showed that the maximum length of the root by 5.2 cm compared with the control of drought tension -4 and L109 line. So, according to the direct relationship of increasing mean germination with the root length, highest average germination compared to the control was reported 11/14 cm for L109 line. Those seeds which are able to have acceptable germination in drought tension conditions, in arid and semi-arid regions, will have great value because they are more likely to move from this stage.

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Prediction of germination time is one of the main goals of seed researchers. Therefore in order to evaluation the cardinal temperatures and the investigation response of promising forage sorghum lines to temperature, this experiment was conducted as factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications, 15 forage sorghum lines and nine fixed temperatures 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 and 50˚C at Seed Technology Laboratory of Islamic Azad University Shoushtar Branch in 2013.               Results of analysis of variance showed that investigated germination components for factor line, temperature and interaction line × temperature were significant. The maximum germination percent-age in temperatures 20, 25 and 30˚C and the most speed rate, uniformity of germination and the minimum duration time till 95 percent the maximum germination (D₉₅₎ in temperature 40˚C was obtained. With temperature drop from 40˚C, germination speed rate and D₉₅ gradually decreased and increased, respectively. The base temperature (T_b) of forage sorghum lines from 9.36˚C (KFS₁₁) to 14.28˚C (KFS₂), optimum temperature (T_o) from 23˚C (KFS₂) to 37.2˚C (KFS₁₁) and maximum temperature (T_c) from 40.7˚C (KFS₂) to 49.76˚C (KFS₁₅) varied. Cluster analysis with ward’s method in the basis 7 studied traits led to three clusters formation. Third cluster included the lines KSF₆, KSF₇, KSF₉ and KSF₁₀ with the maximum percentage, rate and uniformity of germination and the minimum D₉₅ jointly in temperatures 25˚C, 30˚C, 35˚C and partially 40˚C therefore these lines are recommended for supplementary researches.

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Drought tension is one of the most important tensions in reducing germination of plants. In order to evaluate the effect of drought tension on seed germination characteristics and photosynthetic pigments maternal genotypes of safflower, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications was conducted at seed technology laboratory of Shahed University in 2015. The examined factors included seeds produced in two levels of optimal irrigation and application of drought tension after flowering stage on mother plant and four genotypes of Safflower including Soffeh Isfahan, Goldasht, Mexico12 and Line 411. The results showed that genotype and drought tension had significant effect on under investigation traits. In addition, the results showed that drought tension increased the traits average length of germination time, seedling length, chlorophyll b content and carotenoid content and reduced other assessed traits. The seeds produced in conditions of drought tension on rootstock genotype Mexico 12 had the highest percentage of germination (94.59 percent), length of seedling vigor index (202.44), seedling vigor weighted index (8.51) and the amount of chlorophyll b (0.42 milligram per gram wet weight). In general, application the terminal drought tension on the mother plant of the investigated genotypes reduced seed germination characteristics and seedling growth of safflower genotypes. Totally, seed of those cultivars that their mother plant encountered with drought tension is not suitable for planting in areas with irrigation constraints or drought probability in these areas. 

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This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of morphological and biochemical traits on dehydration tension tolerance in rice seedlings in a two -factorial factorial design in a completely randomized design with four replications in Seed Technology Laboratory of Shahed University of Tehran, in 2018. The first factor was different levels of water deficit tension including 0, -0.5 and -1 Mega Pascal with polyethylene glycol 6000 and the second factor was different levels of priming including control (seeds without hydro prime), water pre-treatment (Hydro priming), potassium nitrate 0.5 percent, Pseudomonas fluorescens (PF) strains, Bacillus subtilis (BS) bacteria strain and the combined effect of two bacteria PF × BS for 24 hours at 15ºC. Considering the results of priming experiment and water deficit tension, there was a significant effect on the studied traits. Rice seeds had a high germination percentage, most of which was observed in potassium nitrate pre-treatment at two levels of control and -0.5 Mega Pascal and the lowest of which was at 80 percent in simultaneous bacterial inoculation. Rice seeds had a high germination percentage, the highest of which was observed in the pre-treatment of potassium nitrate, at control and -0.5 Mega Pascal levels and the lowest was at 80 percent in simultaneous bacterial inoculation. Reducing germination characteristics, growth parameters, relative humidity content happened with increasing tension, as well as enhancing photosynthetic pigmentation, anthocyanin content in Substile bacteria treatment with mean (12.56) mg/g fresh weight of leaf relative to -1 Mega Pascal, proline in hydroperiming treatment with non-tension by average (8.85) mg/g fresh weight of leaves related to -1 Mega Pascal and also superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in potassium nitrate and fluorescence bacteria treatments 1342.72 and 1355.17 percent related to -1 Mega Pascal tension in increasing water deficit tension.