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The yield of chickpea in Iran is low in comparison with other countries. One of the most important effective factors, is no application of optimal plant density and chickpea cultivars difference in response to plant density. In order to investigate the effect of plant density on yield and some physiological indices of chickpea cultivars, this experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design with three densities 25, 35 and 45 plants in m-2 and three chickpea cultivars Jam, ILC-482 and Kaka at three replications at the research farm of Agriculture College of MohagheghArdabili University. The highest grain yield and the total dry matter accumulation in m-2 belonged to Kaka cultivar treatment combination in density 45 plants inm-2 and the lowest to density 25 plants in m-2 to Jam cultivar. The trend of crop growth rate and relative growth rate was similar to total dry matter. The results showed that plant density had significant effect on 100-grainweight, grains number per pod, pods number per plant, grains number per plant and grain yield .The highest grain yield was produced in Kaka cultivar with density 45 plants in m-2 and the lowest in density 25 plants in m-2 in Jam cultivar. So, it could be suggested that in order to increase the grain yield, total dry matter accumulation and the other physiological indices such as crop growth rate and relative growth rate, Kaka cultivar should be applied at density 45 plants in m-2.

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In order to study the effects of seed inoculation by cycocel and biofertilizers on yield, antioxidant enzymes activity and some biochemical traits of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under soil salinity condition, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2016. Treatments were included salinity in four levels [no salt (as control), salinity 25, 50 and 75 mM by NaCl and seed inoculation by biofertilizers and cycocel in six levels [no inoculation with cycocel and bio fertilizers as control, inoculation by Pseudomonas, Azosprilium, both inoculation Azosprilium and Pseudomonas, inoculation by cycocel in concentration 10^-5 and 10^-6 mM]. The results showed that 75 mM salinity increased protein content and antioxidant enzymes activity such as catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase (43.39, 103.9, 97.83 and 143 % respectively) in comparison with no salinity. The lowest electrical conductivity (65.8 µs.cm^-1) and the highest relative water content in flowering stage (87.86 %), protein content (17.7%) and grain yield (2.83 g per plant) were obtained in no salt and both inoculation Azosprilium and Pseudomonas. The highest electrical conductivity (111.83 µs.cm^-1)  and the lowest relative water content in grain filling period (49.6 %), protein content (10.57 %) and grain yield (0.98 g per plant) were obtained in the highest salinity level and no inoculation with cycocel and bio fertilizers.
 

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In order to study the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and growth regulator of cycocel on nitrogen use efficiency, some physiological traits and grain yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.), a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm of Someasaraye from Gilan Provence during 2014-15. Treatments were included nitrogen rates in four levels (without nitrogen application as control (N₀) and application 100 (N₁), 150 (N₂) and 200 (N₃) kg N ha^-1 as urea) and four cycocel levels (without cycocel as control (C₀), application of 0.8 (C₁), 1.6 (C₂), 2.4 (C₃) L ha^-1). The results showed that foliar application of 2.4 L ha^-1  cycocel and 200 kg N ha^-1 increased grain filling rate, grain filling period, effective grain filling period, the number of grains per ear and 1000 grains weight. The highest dry matter remobilization from shoots and stem (114.6 and 57.91 g.m^-2  respectively) and the highest dry matter from shoots and stem reserves contribution to grain yield (47.91% and 27.04%, respectively) were obtained  without  nitrogen application and foliar application of 2.4 L ha^-1 cycocel. The highest grain yield was obtained in application of 200 kg N ha^-1 and the lowest it belongs to no nitrogen application. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in application of 100 kg N ha^-1 and the lowest it belongs to 200 kg N ha^-1. The highest nitrogen use efficiency was obtained in application of 2.4 L ha^-1 cycocel and the lowest it belongs to no cycocel application. Foliar application of 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4 L ha^-1 cycocel increased 12.47%, 21.68% and 32.05% from grain yield respectively in compared with control. It seems that foliar application 2.4 L ha^-1 cycocel and application of 200 kg N ha^-1 can be as a proper tool for increasing grain yield of rice.

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In order to investigate the effect of methanol on the activity of antioxidant enzymes, some compatible osmolytes and biochemical traits of wheat under cut off irrigation conditions, the present experiment as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications at the research farm of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, during 2015-2016 cropping year. The investigated factors were included irrigation levels (full irrigation as control, cut off irrigation in 50 percent of spike stage and cut off irrigation in 50 percent of the booting stage (pregnancy) as mild and sever water restriction, respectively; according to codes 55 and 43 of the BBCH scale) and methanol foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control and foliar application 10, 20 and 30 percent by volume of methanol). The results showed that foliar application of 30 percent by volume of methanol under full irrigation conditions increased 42.83, 36.01, 29.69, 57.93 and 49.98 percent of chlorophyll b content, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, protein percentage and grain yield and decreased hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content 75.58 and 63.77 percent, respectively; in comparison with non-foliar application under cut off irrigation at the booting stage. Foliar application of 30 percent by volume of methanol under cut off irrigation conditions in booting stage increased proline and soluble sugars content (125.42 and 91.93 percent, respectively) in comparison with non-foliar application of methanol under full irrigation conditions. Also, foliar application of 30 percent by volume of methanol under full irrigation conditions decreased the activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase). It seems that foliar application of 30 percent by volume of methanol can increase grain yield of wheat under cut off irrigation conditions due to improving biochemical traits.

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In order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation and application of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter on yield, malondialdehyde and anthocyanins content and variations of chlorophyll fluorescence of barley under rainfed conditions, an experiment as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2017. Factors under investigation included irrigation at three levels [no irrigation or rainfed cultivation (I1), supplementary irrigation at 50 percent of spike emergence stage (I2), supplementary irrigation at 50 percent of spike emergence stage (I3) and biofertilizers at four levels (control or no fertilizer application) (Q1), application of mycorrhiza (Q2), Azotobacter (Q3), combined application of Azotobacter and mycorrhiza (Q4)). The results showed that the effect of supplementary irrigation and application of biofertilizers were significant on grain yield, anthocyanins and malondialdehyde content, chlorophyll index, electrical conductivity and relative water content of flag leaves, minimum fluorescence and variable fluorescence. Supplementary irrigation at booting stage and both application of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter decreased electrical conductivity (34.2%) and malondialdehyde content (157%), but quantum yield (122%), chlorophyll index (98%), anthocyanins (82%) and relative water content of flag leaf (58.7%) increased compared to non-application of bio fertilizers under rainfed conditions. The highest grain yield (268.2 gram per square meters) was obtained at supplementary irrigation at booting stage with both application of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, which increased grain yield 29.87 percent in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers under rainfed conditions.
 

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In order to investigate the effect of bio fertilizers, Nano silicon and water limitation on current photosynthesis and dry matter transfer of triticale, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications in a research greenhouse University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2020-2021. The investigated factors included irrigation in three levels (normal irrigation as control and irrigation withholding at 50 percent of heading and booting stages), application of bio fertilizers (no application as control, application of Vermicompost, Mycorrhiza, both application Vermicompost and Mycorrhiza), foliar application of Nano silicon (foliar application with water as control and foliar application of two grams per liter Nano silicon). There was an increase of 50.7, 45.58, 47.3, 61.11, 152.74 and 58.45 percent, respectively in leaf area index, leaf protein content, root weight and volume, current photosynthesis and contribution of current process in grain yield in both application of Vermicompost, Mycorrhiza and foliar application of Nano silicon under normal irrigation conditions in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers and Nano silicon under irrigation withholding conditions in booting stage. Both application of Vermicompost, Mycorrhiza and Nano silicon in normal irrigation conditions decreased  dry matter transfer from stem and shoot and contribution of the current process in grain yield (44.46, 130.54, 19.79 and 91.14 percent, respectively) in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers and Nano silicon under irrigation withholding conditions in booting stage. Also, both application of Vermicompost, Mycorrhiza and Nano silicon under normal irrigation conditions increased 59.52 and 54.61 percent of grain yield compared to the non-application of bio fertilizers and Nano silicone under withholding irrigation conditions during booting stages(removal of five irrigation stages) and heading stage (removal of three irrigation stages). It seems that the application of bio fertilizers and Nano silicon can increase current photosynthesis and grain yield in conditions of water limitation by improving leaf area index, root weight and volume.
 

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Drought stress is one of the most severe environmental stresses which is a significant role to ‎yield reductions in arid and semi arid. In this regard, the application of silicon ‎in combination with microelements such as iron is a recent, innovative strategy to ‎overcome the damaging effects of drought. So, in order to study the effect of nanoparticles foliar application (iron and silicon) on yield, grain filling components and some physiological traits of safflower under rained and supplementary irrigation conditions, an experimental as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station of Ardabil (Alarouq) in 2021-2022. The experimental factors were included irrigation levels (no irrigation or rainfed condition as control, supplementary irrigation at 50% heading-bud and flowering stages according with 55 and 65 BBCH code respectively) and nanoparticles foliar application (foliar application with water as control, foliar application of 1 g.L^-1 nano iron oxide, 50 mg.L^-1 nano silicon, foliar application 0.5 g.L^-1 of nanoiron oxide and 25 mg.L^-1 nano silicon). The results showed that nanoparticles foliar application of iron and silicon under supplementary irrigation conditions at the heading-bud stage increased chlorophyll index (35.44%), relative water content (44.25%) and stomatal conductance (32.93%), rate and grain filling period (7.47 and 36.33%  respectively), the number of grain per bud (45.06%), 1000 grains weight (53.06%) and grain yield (43.77%) in comparison with no foliar application of nanoparticles under rainfed conditions. Based on the results of this study, it seems that foliar application of nanoparticles and supplementary irrigation could be utilized as a rapid, easy and effective approach to reduce drought-induced damages on safflower under rainfed conditions due to improving of grain filling components and some physiological traits (such as chlorophyll index, relative water content and stomatal conductance).
 

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In order to study the effects of starter nitrogen and foliar application with methanol on nodulation, grain filling components and quantitative and qualitative yield of soybean (Glycine max L.), an experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the farm at Parsabad of Mogan from Ardabil province in 2022. Factors experimental were included application of methanol at three levels (foliar application with water as control, application 15 and 30 volume percent) and three levels of starter nitrogen (no application as control, application of 25 and 50 kg/ha) by urea. The highest rate of nitrogen application (50 kg/ha) increased the number of nodules per plant (139%), number of pod per plant (37%), harvest index (9%), grain filling period (8%), oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid (14.7, 16.3 and 20.6% respectively) in comparison with no application of starter nitrogen. Hovewer, there were no significant difference in oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid between 25 and 50 kg/ha starter nitrogen. Foliar application of 30 volume percent of methanol increased the number of nodules per plant (15.2%), number of pod per plant (47%), harvest index (12%) and grain filling period (5%) in comparison no foliar application of methanol. Also, the highest rate of starter nitrogen and methanol application increased dry weight of nodules per plant (26.2%), plant height (54.2%), number of grain per pod (109%), maximum of grain weight (45.3%), grain filling rate (14.1%), effective grain filling period (28%) and grain yield (61%) in comparison no application of starter nitrogen and methanol. In this study, it seems that application of 50 kg/ha starter nitrogen and foliar application of 30 volume percent of methanol can be suggested for improve of nodulation, grain yield and unsaturated fatty acids.

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Water limitation is one of the most important abiotic stresses that can decrease growth and yield of rye (Secale cereal L.). Several strategies have been suggested in order to improve yield of rye under water limitation conditiond, among them application of mycorrhiza, nanoparticles of iron and silicon play a key role in yield improvement. In this regard, in order to study the effects of mycorrhiza, nanoparticles of iron and silicon on some physiological and biochemical traits of rye (Secale cereal L.) under withholding irrigation conditions, an experimental as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in research greenhouse of Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili during 2022. Experimental factors were included irrigation in three levels (full irrigation as control, withholding irrigation at 50% of heading and booting stages), mycorrhiza application at two levels (no application as control, application of mycorrhiza), nano iron-silicon oxide foliar application at four levels (foliar application with water as control, nano iron oxide foliar application, nano silicon, both application nano iron-silicon oxide). The results showed that withholding irrigation decreased relative water content and stomatal conductance in all of sampling stages, but application of nanoparticles and mycorrhiza were able to compensate of part of this reduction. Also, both application nanoparticle and mycorrhiza under withholding irrigation at booting stage decreased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide contents (58.87 and 36.04% respectively) in comparison with no application of nanoparticle and mycorrhiza in the same irrigation level. But, it increased the activity of catalase, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzymes (34.67, 32.14 and 32.18% respectively), proline and soluble sugars contents (38.01 and 28.33% respectively) in comparison with no application of mycorrhiza and nano iron-silicon oxide in the same irrigation level. Maximum of grain yield (2.76 g.per plant) was obtained at both application nanoparticle and mycorrhiza in full irrigation, which increased grain yield of 45.2% in comparison with no application of mycorrhiza and nano iron-silicon oxide under withholding irrigation at booting stages. Based on the results of this study, it can be suggested that under withholding irrigation conditions, application of nanoparticles and mycorrhiza can increase grain yield of rye by improving the physiological and biochemical traits.