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In order to investigate the effect of Nano Zinc oxide foliar application and application of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria on grain yield and some morphophysiological traits of Triticale, this experiment as factor was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in research greenhouse of MohagheghArdabili University. The investigated factors were included Nano Zinc oxide foliar application at five levels (without foliar application as control, 0/25, 0/5, 0/75 and 1 gram per liter) and seed inoculation with free living nitrogen fixing at four levels (without seed inoculation with bacteria as control, seed inoculation with Azotobacterchrocoococum strain 5, Azosprilliumlipoferum strain OF and Psedomunasputida strain 9). The results showed that dry matter remobilization and the amount of stem reserves contribution at yield and grain yield and grain yield components was meaningfully affected by foliar application with Nano Zinc Oxide and applying nitrogen fixing free living bacteria. The highest dry matter remobilization and contribution of stem reserves in grain yield was obtained at no seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria × no Nano Zinc oxide foliar application. Means comparison showed that the highest grain yield, grain yield components and leaf appearance rate was obtained in treatment combination of seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Azosprillium × foliar application of one gram per liter Nano Zinc oxide and the least of them in no seed inoculation with growth promoting rhizobacteria× nofoliar application by Nano Zinc oxide. It seems in order to increase the grain yield and leaf appearance rate it can be suggested that Triticale seed inoculation with Azotobacter and Azosprillium bacteria in foliar application of one gram per liter Nano Zinc oxide should be used

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In order to investigate the effect of zinc nano oxide on yield and some physiological characteristics of wheat under drought stress conditions, a factorial experiment was a three-factor factor conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications in University of Mohaghegh Ardebili in 2018. Factors studied i include the first factor of drought stress at three levels (35%, 60% and field capacity and control), the second factor of wheat cultivars (Mihan, Heidari, Sysons and Gasgogen) and the third factor includes ZnO spraying in three levels (no application of ZnO, 0.5 and 1 g/l^-1). Foliar application of ZnO was performed in three-leaf stage and three day later drought stress for one week. ZnO foliar application increased the amount of photosynthetic pigments and leaf chlorophyll index, F_V / F_M, plant length, spike number and grain weight. Drought stress decreased chlorophyll index (3.73%), F0 (60.79%), Fv (11.18%), Fv / Fm (2.68%), mean plant height (15.93%), Total dry weight (16.27%), dry weight (46.18%) and root fresh (8.32%) as well as grain yield (15.95% of grain number and 11.93% of grain weight). Also, ZnO foliar application and irrigation under control conditions improved chlorophyll index (151.01%) and photosystem II fluorescence during growing season (78.62%) and increased wheat grain yield under (338.38% of grain number and 361.62% of grain weight) dehydrated conditions. Among the studied cultivars, the highest amount of F0 (235.5) and Fm (756/44) belonged to Meihan cultivar and the least amount of (204/944), F0 (34.0), Fm (362.28) and FV / FM (0.4585) belonged to Heidari cultivar. Under drought stress, the weight of one thousand grains in Heydari cultivars (155.35%) and Gasgogen (32.60%) decreased compared to control conditions. Among cultivars, Mihan was more tolerant to drought stress. In terms of grain yield under normal conditions, Heydari genotype was recognized as the best genotype.

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In order to investigate the effect of supplementary irrigation and application of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter on yield, malondialdehyde and anthocyanins content and variations of chlorophyll fluorescence of barley under rainfed conditions, an experiment as factorial was conducted based on randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2017. Factors under investigation included irrigation at three levels [no irrigation or rainfed cultivation (I1), supplementary irrigation at 50 percent of spike emergence stage (I2), supplementary irrigation at 50 percent of spike emergence stage (I3) and biofertilizers at four levels (control or no fertilizer application) (Q1), application of mycorrhiza (Q2), Azotobacter (Q3), combined application of Azotobacter and mycorrhiza (Q4)). The results showed that the effect of supplementary irrigation and application of biofertilizers were significant on grain yield, anthocyanins and malondialdehyde content, chlorophyll index, electrical conductivity and relative water content of flag leaves, minimum fluorescence and variable fluorescence. Supplementary irrigation at booting stage and both application of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter decreased electrical conductivity (34.2%) and malondialdehyde content (157%), but quantum yield (122%), chlorophyll index (98%), anthocyanins (82%) and relative water content of flag leaf (58.7%) increased compared to non-application of bio fertilizers under rainfed conditions. The highest grain yield (268.2 gram per square meters) was obtained at supplementary irrigation at booting stage with both application of mycorrhiza and Azotobacter, which increased grain yield 29.87 percent in comparison with no application of bio fertilizers under rainfed conditions.